倀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Obtain a test tube rack, six small (13 x 100 mm) test tubes that are clean but don't have to be dry, and a test tube clamp. The test tubes should be placed open end up in the test tube rack. 倀爀攀瀀愀爀攀 愀 栀漀琀 眀愀琀攀爀 戀愀琀栀㨀 䠀愀氀昀ⴀ昀椀氀氀 愀 ㈀㔀 洀䰀 戀攀愀欀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 琀愀瀀 眀愀琀攀爀⸀ 匀琀愀爀琀 琀漀 栀攀愀琀 琀栀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 ⠀愀猀 礀漀甀爀 琀攀愀挀栀攀爀 搀椀爀攀挀琀猀⤀ 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 渀攀愀爀 戀漀椀氀椀渀最 眀栀攀渀 礀漀甀 愀爀攀 爀攀愀搀礀 琀漀 甀猀攀 椀琀⸀ Prepare an ice water bath: Fill a 250 mL beaker with crushed ice. Add enough tap water to make "slush". 匀攀琀 甀瀀 愀 搀愀琀愀 琀愀戀氀攀 眀椀琀栀 挀漀氀甀洀渀 栀攀愀搀椀渀最猀 愀猀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀搀 戀攀氀漀眀 ⠀吀栀攀 氀愀猀琀 挀漀氀甀洀渀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀搀 愀昀琀攀爀 搀愀琀愀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀攀搀⸀⤀ System Disturbance Observed Change Direction of Shift ऀ ऀ ऀ ऀ 2 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀攀琀挀⸀ऀ ऀ ऀ ऀ As you set up equilibrium systems and add disturbances to them in the procedure, enter appropriate information in each of the first three columns of your data table. 䴀椀砀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀猀 椀渀 琀攀猀琀 琀甀戀攀猀 戀礀 栀漀氀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 琀漀瀀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀甀戀攀 眀椀琀栀 漀渀攀 栀愀渀搀 眀栀椀氀攀 礀漀甀 昀氀椀挀欀 琀栀攀 戀漀琀琀漀洀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀甀戀攀 眀椀琀栀 礀漀甀爀 漀琀栀攀爀 栀愀渀搀 甀渀琀椀氀 琀栀攀 琀甀戀攀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀⸀
匀礀猀琀攀洀 㨀 䤀爀漀渀⠀䤀䤀䤀⤀ 愀渀搀 琀栀椀漀挀礀愀渀愀琀攀
匀攀琀琀椀渀最 唀瀀 琀栀攀 䔀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Half-fill the first tube in your rack with distilled water. 䄀搀搀 琀眀漀 搀爀漀瀀猀 漀昀 ⸀ 䴀 䘀攀⠀一伀㌀⤀㌀ 愀渀搀 琀眀漀 搀爀漀瀀猀 漀昀 ⸀ 䴀 䬀匀䌀一 琀漀 琀栀椀猀 琀甀戀攀⸀ 䴀椀砀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 琀栀漀爀漀甀最栀氀礀⸀ If the contents of the tube are not red-orange, repeat Step 2 until the solution is red-orange. 䐀椀瘀椀搀攀 琀栀攀 爀攀搀ⴀ漀爀愀渀最攀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀甀戀攀 愀洀漀渀最 猀椀砀 琀甀戀攀猀 猀漀 攀愀挀栀 琀甀戀攀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀猀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀⸀
䌀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 䔀焀甀愀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 䔀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 匀礀猀琀攀洀 Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) + heat 䌀漀氀漀爀氀攀猀猀ऀ ऀ䌀漀氀漀爀氀攀猀猀 ऀ ऀ刀攀搀ⴀ漀爀愀渀最攀ऀ ऀ ऀ from Fe(NO3)3 from KSCN 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Disturbing the Equilibrium
䰀攀愀瘀攀 吀甀戀攀 甀渀搀椀猀琀甀爀戀攀搀㬀 甀猀攀 椀琀 愀猀 愀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀⸀ Use a clean, dry spatula to add a small crystal or two of solid iron(III) nitrate, Fe(NO3)3, to Tube 2. Mix. 唀渀搀攀爀 䐀椀猀琀甀爀戀愀渀挀攀 漀渀 礀漀甀爀 搀愀琀愀 琀愀戀氀攀Ⰰ 爀攀挀漀爀搀 眀栀愀琀 礀漀甀 搀椀搀 漀爀 愀搀搀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 琀漀 挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀攀 挀栀愀渀最攀 礀漀甀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀攀搀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀椀猀 愀渀搀 愀氀氀 漀琀栀攀爀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 瀀愀礀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀 愀琀琀攀渀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 挀漀氀漀爀 愀渀搀 挀漀氀漀爀 挀栀愀渀最攀⸀ 䄀氀眀愀礀猀 挀漀洀瀀愀爀攀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀 琀甀戀攀 漀爀 礀漀甀 洀愀礀 洀椀猀猀 猀氀椀最栀琀 挀漀氀漀爀 挀栀愀渀最攀猀⸀ 倀栀爀愀猀攀 礀漀甀爀 伀戀猀攀爀瘀攀搀 䌀栀愀渀最攀 猀漀 琀栀攀 欀椀渀搀 漀昀 挀栀愀渀最攀 礀漀甀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀攀 椀猀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀搀Ⰰ 攀⸀最⸀Ⰰ ∀氀椀最栀琀攀爀 爀攀搀∀ 漀爀 ∀昀爀漀洀 最爀攀礀 琀漀 瀀椀渀欀⸀∀ Use a clean, dry spatula to add one or two small crystals of solid potassium thiocyanate, KSCN, to Tube 3. Mix. Record observations. 䄀搀搀 㔀 搀爀漀瀀猀 漀昀 ⸀ 䴀 猀漀搀椀甀洀 栀礀搀爀漀砀椀搀攀Ⰰ 一愀伀䠀Ⰰ 琀漀 吀甀戀攀 㐀⸀ 䴀椀砀Ⰰ 漀戀猀攀爀瘀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 爀攀挀漀爀搀⸀ 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Use a test tube clamp to place Tube 5 in a hot water bath. When the contents of the tube are hot, observe and record. 唀猀攀 愀 琀攀猀琀 琀甀戀攀 挀氀愀洀瀀 琀漀 瀀氀愀挀攀 吀甀戀攀 㘀 椀渀 愀渀 椀挀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 戀愀琀栀⸀ 圀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀甀戀攀 愀爀攀 挀漀氀搀Ⰰ 漀戀猀攀爀瘀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀挀漀爀搀⸀ ⠀䐀愀琀愀 挀栀攀挀欀㨀 伀戀琀愀椀渀 礀漀甀爀 琀攀愀挀栀攀爀✀猀 椀渀椀琀椀愀氀猀⸀⤀ Discard all test tube contents in the waste container provided by your teacher. Do not pour anything in the sink. Rinse the tubes with tap water; remove as much water as possible by shaking before standing the tubes upright in the test tube rack. Follow these same disposal and rinsing procedures after you complete each system below. 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 System 2: Bromothymol blue
Setting Up the Equilibrium
䠀愀氀昀ⴀ昀椀氀氀 琀栀爀攀攀 琀攀猀琀 琀甀戀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 搀椀猀琀椀氀氀攀搀 眀愀琀攀爀⸀ Add three drops of bromothymol blue indicator to each tube. Mix thoroughly. 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Chemical Equation for the Equilibrium
Bromothymol blue is a weak organic acid with a complex formula. For our purpose, its formula can be abbreviated to HBb.䠀䈀戀⠀愀焀⤀ऀऀ䠀⬀⠀愀焀⤀ऀ⬀ऀ䈀戀ⴀ⠀愀焀⤀ऀ Yellow Colorless Blue 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 (Green can be observed if approximately equal amounts of yellow and blue forms are present.)㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Disturbing the Equilibrium
吀漀 吀甀戀攀 ㈀ 愀搀搀 琀眀漀 搀爀漀瀀猀 漀昀 ⸀ 䴀 栀礀搀爀漀挀栀氀漀爀椀挀 愀挀椀搀Ⰰ 䠀䌀氀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀椀砀⸀ 伀戀猀攀爀瘀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀挀漀爀搀⸀ To Tube 3 add two drops of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide, NaOH, and mix. Observe and record. 䔀砀瀀氀漀爀攀 眀栀愀琀 栀愀瀀瀀攀渀猀 眀栀攀渀 礀漀甀 渀漀眀 愀搀搀 一愀伀䠀 琀漀 吀甀戀攀 ㈀ 漀爀 䠀䌀氀 琀漀 吀甀戀攀 ㌀⸀ 匀攀攀 眀栀攀琀栀攀爀 礀漀甀爀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀愀琀椀漀渀猀 愀爀攀 椀渀 愀最爀攀攀洀攀渀琀 眀椀琀栀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀愀琀椀漀渀猀 礀漀甀 栀愀瘀攀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 爀攀挀漀爀搀攀搀⸀
匀礀猀琀攀洀 ㌀㨀 䌀漀洀瀀氀攀砀 䤀漀渀猀 漀昀 䌀漀瀀瀀攀爀⠀䤀䤀⤀ ⠀䌀甀㈀⬀⤀
匀攀琀琀椀渀最 唀瀀 琀栀攀 䔀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 Half fill a test tube with 1.5 M copper(II) chloride, CuCl2, solution. 䐀椀瘀椀搀攀 猀漀 昀椀瘀攀 琀甀戀攀猀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀 愀瀀瀀爀漀砀椀洀愀琀攀氀礀 攀焀甀愀氀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀猀⸀ 䔀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 栀愀猀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 戀攀攀渀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀⸀
䌀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 䔀焀甀愀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 䔀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 CuCl42-(aq) + 4 H2O(l) Cu(H2O)42+(aq) + 4 Cl-(aq) + heat 䜀爀攀攀渀 猀漀氀渀ऀ ऀ䌀漀氀漀爀氀攀猀猀ऀ ऀ䰀椀最栀琀 戀氀甀攀 猀漀氀渀ऀ ऀ䌀漀氀漀爀氀攀猀猀ऀ ऀ ऀ
䐀椀猀琀甀爀戀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䔀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 To Tube 2 add a small quantity (the size of a rice grain) of solid calcium chloride, CaCl2. Mix to dissolve the solid. Repeat the addition and dissolving of solid CaCl2 until no more solid will dissolve. Observe and record. 吀漀 吀甀戀攀 ㌀ 愀搀搀 攀渀漀甀最栀 攀琀栀礀氀 愀氀挀漀栀漀氀Ⰰ 䌀㈀䠀㔀伀䠀Ⰰ 琀漀 琀爀椀瀀氀攀 琀栀攀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䴀椀砀Ⰰ 漀戀猀攀爀瘀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 爀攀挀漀爀搀⸀ Place Tube 4 in a hot-water bath. When the solution is hot, observe and record. 倀氀愀挀攀 吀甀戀攀 㔀 椀渀 愀渀 椀挀攀ⴀ眀愀琀攀爀 戀愀琀栀⸀ 圀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 挀漀氀搀Ⰰ 漀戀猀攀爀瘀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀挀漀爀搀⸀
匀礀猀琀攀洀 㐀㨀 䐀椀渀椀琀爀漀最攀渀 琀攀琀爀漀砀椀搀攀 ⠀一㈀伀㐀⤀
匀攀琀琀椀渀最 唀瀀 琀栀攀 䔀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀
䐀椀渀椀琀爀漀最攀渀 琀攀琀爀漀砀椀搀攀Ⰰ 一㈀伀㐀Ⰰ 挀愀渀 搀攀挀漀洀瀀漀猀攀 椀渀琀漀 渀椀琀爀漀最攀渀 搀椀漀砀椀搀攀Ⰰ 一伀㈀Ⰰ 愀 爀攀搀搀椀猀栀 戀爀漀眀渀 瀀漀椀猀漀渀漀甀猀 最愀猀⸀ 匀漀 琀栀愀琀 礀漀甀 洀愀礀 眀漀爀欀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀猀攀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀猀 猀愀昀攀氀礀Ⰰ 礀漀甀爀 琀攀愀挀栀攀爀 眀椀氀氀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀 琀眀漀 猀攀愀氀攀搀 琀甀戀攀猀 攀愀挀栀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀椀渀最 愀 洀椀砀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 猀甀戀琀愀渀挀攀猀⸀ 䔀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 一㈀伀㐀 愀渀搀 一伀㈀ 栀愀猀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 戀攀攀渀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 琀甀戀攀猀⸀
䌀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 䔀焀甀愀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 䔀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 N2O4(g) + heat 2 NO2(g) 䌀漀氀漀爀氀攀猀猀ऀ ऀ ऀ ऀ刀攀搀搀椀猀栀 戀爀漀眀渀ऀ
䐀椀猀琀甀爀戀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䔀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 (Caution: N2O4 and NO2 in the sealed glass tubes are poisonous. Handle the tubes carefully to avoid breaking the tubes and releasing the gases.) Place one sealed tube containing the equilibrium system in a hot water bath. When hot, compare to the unheated tube and record. 䄀昀琀攀爀 爀攀洀漀瘀椀渀最 琀栀攀 琀甀戀攀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 栀漀琀 眀愀琀攀爀 戀愀琀栀Ⰰ 挀漀漀氀 椀琀 甀渀搀攀爀 爀甀渀渀椀渀最 挀漀氀搀 琀愀瀀 眀愀琀攀爀⸀ 吀栀攀渀 瀀氀愀挀攀 琀栀攀 琀甀戀攀 椀渀 愀渀 椀挀攀ⴀ眀愀琀攀爀 戀愀琀栀⸀ 圀栀攀渀 挀漀氀搀Ⰰ 挀漀洀瀀愀爀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 甀渀挀栀椀氀氀攀搀 琀甀戀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀挀漀爀搀⸀
匀礀猀琀攀洀 㔀㨀 䌀漀洀瀀氀攀砀 䤀漀渀猀 漀昀 䌀漀戀愀氀琀⠀䤀䤀⤀ ⠀䌀漀㈀⬀⤀
匀攀琀琀椀渀最 唀瀀 琀栀攀 䔀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 Half-fill a test tube with 1.5 M cobalt(II) chloride, CoCl2. 䐀椀瘀椀搀攀 琀栀攀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 猀漀 昀椀瘀攀 琀甀戀攀猀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀 愀瀀瀀爀漀砀椀洀愀琀攀氀礀 攀焀甀愀氀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀猀⸀ 䔀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 栀愀猀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 戀攀攀渀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀⸀
䌀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 䔀焀甀愀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 䔀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 heat + Co(H2O)62+(aq) + 4 Cl-(aq) CoCl42-(aq) + 6 H2O(l) ऀ ऀ刀攀搀ऀ ऀ䌀漀氀漀爀氀攀猀猀ऀ ऀ䈀氀甀攀ऀ ऀ䌀漀氀漀爀氀攀猀猀ऀ
䐀椀猀琀甀爀戀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䔀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 To Tube 2 add a small quantity (the size of a rice grain) of solid calcium chloride, CaCl2. Mix to dissolve the solid. Repeat the addition and dissolving of solid CaCl2 until no more solid will dissolve. Observe and record. 吀漀 吀甀戀攀 ㌀ 愀搀搀 攀渀漀甀最栀 愀挀攀琀漀渀攀Ⰰ 䌀䠀㌀䌀伀䌀䠀㌀Ⰰ 琀漀 搀漀甀戀氀攀 琀栀攀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䴀椀砀Ⰰ 漀戀猀攀爀瘀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 爀攀挀漀爀搀⸀ Place Tube 4 in a hot water bath. When the solution is hot, observe and record. 倀氀愀挀攀 吀甀戀攀 㔀 椀渀 愀渀 椀挀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 戀愀琀栀⸀ 圀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 挀漀氀搀Ⰰ 漀戀猀攀爀瘀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀挀漀爀搀⸀ Wash hands thoroughly before leaving the laboratory.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Data Analysis and Concept Development
吀漀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀 琀栀攀 昀漀甀爀琀栀 挀漀氀甀洀渀 漀渀 琀栀攀 爀椀最栀琀 猀椀搀攀 漀昀 礀漀甀爀 搀愀琀愀 琀愀戀氀攀 ⠀栀攀愀搀攀搀 䐀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 匀栀椀昀琀⤀Ⰰ 搀攀挀椀搀攀 眀栀攀琀栀攀爀 攀愀挀栀 搀椀猀琀甀爀戀愀渀挀攀 挀愀甀猀攀搀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 琀漀 猀栀椀昀琀 氀攀昀琀 漀爀 爀椀最栀琀⸀ 刀攀挀漀爀搀 琀栀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀栀椀昀琀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 挀漀氀甀洀渀⸀ 䠀漀眀 搀漀 礀漀甀 搀攀挀椀搀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀栀椀昀琀㼀 䌀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 A B 夀攀氀氀漀眀ऀ ऀ䜀爀攀攀渀ऀ
If a disturbance causes the system to become more yellow, chemists would say that the equilibrium position has shifted to the left because the system must have moved to produce more of the yellow molecules shown on the left side of the chemical equation. If the system shifted to the right you would observe more green in the system. The direction of shift is "right". Use these ideas to decide and record the direction of shift caused by each disturbance. 唀猀攀 礀漀甀爀 搀愀琀愀 琀愀戀氀攀 琀漀 昀椀渀搀 愀氀氀 挀愀猀攀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 愀 搀椀猀琀甀爀戀愀渀挀攀 眀愀猀 挀愀甀猀攀搀 戀礀 栀攀愀琀椀渀最⸀ 䄀昀琀攀爀 礀漀甀 栀愀瘀攀 昀漀甀渀搀 愀氀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 挀愀猀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀猀眀攀爀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最㨀 How does the direction of shift relate to the side of the chemical equation on which the heat term is written? 圀爀椀琀攀 愀 爀甀氀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀氀氀漀眀 礀漀甀 琀漀 瀀爀攀搀椀挀琀 栀漀眀 漀琀栀攀爀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀 眀漀甀氀搀 猀栀椀昀琀 眀栀攀渀 搀椀猀琀甀爀戀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 眀愀礀⸀ Use your data table to find all cases where equilibrium systems were disturbed by cooling.
䠀漀眀 搀漀攀猀 琀栀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀栀椀昀琀 爀攀氀愀琀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀椀搀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 攀焀甀愀琀椀漀渀 漀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀琀 琀攀爀洀 椀猀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀㼀 Write a rule which would allow you to predict how other equilibrium systems would shift when disturbed in this way. 唀猀攀 礀漀甀爀 搀愀琀愀 琀愀戀氀攀 琀漀 攀砀愀洀椀渀攀 愀氀氀 挀愀猀攀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 愀 搀椀猀琀甀爀戀愀渀挀攀 眀愀猀 挀愀甀猀攀搀 戀礀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 猀礀猀琀攀洀⸀ 䠀椀渀琀㨀 䄀搀搀椀渀最 猀漀氀椀搀 䘀攀⠀一伀㌀⤀㌀ 琀漀 匀礀猀琀攀洀 ㈀ 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀猀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䘀攀㌀⬀⠀愀焀⤀ 愀渀搀 一伀㌀ⴀ⠀愀焀⤀ 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 猀漀氀椀搀 搀椀猀猀漀氀瘀攀猀⸀ 䄀搀搀椀渀最 䠀䌀氀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 匀礀猀琀攀洀 ㌀ 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀猀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 戀漀琀栀 䠀⬀⠀愀焀⤀ 愀渀搀 䌀氀ⴀ⠀愀焀⤀ 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀礀猀琀攀洀⸀ 圀爀椀琀攀 愀 爀甀氀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀漀甀氀搀 攀砀瀀氀椀愀渀 栀漀眀 琀栀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀栀椀昀琀 爀攀氀愀琀攀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀椀搀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 漀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀 眀椀琀栀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀搀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀⸀ In some cases the equilibrium system was disturbed by decreasing the concentration of a substance in the system. Usually this is done by adding another substance not involved in the equilibrium which reacts with a substance in the system, changing it to a different substance. For example, in System 1 you added 0.1 M NaOH (containing aqueous Na+ and OH- ions). OH- reacts with Fe3+ to form the precipitate Fe(OH)3(s). This decreases the concentration of Fe3+(aq) remaining in the solution. Concentration can also be decreased by adding another solvent (acetone or alcohol) to dilute the water in the system. Identify substances whose concentration is decreased in as many cases as you can. For each, explain what causes the concentration of a particular substance to decrease. Write chemical equations where possible. 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀吀栀攀 攀焀甀愀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀 愀戀漀瘀攀 椀猀㨀 Fe3+(aq) + 3 OH-(aq) Fe(OH)3(s) 䘀漀爀 攀愀挀栀 挀愀猀攀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀椀渀最 愀 搀攀挀爀攀愀猀攀 椀渀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 椀搀攀渀琀椀昀礀 琀栀攀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀 琀栀愀琀 椀猀 搀攀挀爀攀愀猀攀搀 椀渀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 漀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 猀椀搀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀愀琀椀漀渀 琀栀椀猀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀 椀猀 昀漀甀渀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀礀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 椀猀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀攀搀 琀漀 猀栀椀昀琀⸀ Consider cases where equilibrium was disturbed by decreasing the concentration of a substance in the equilibrium system. 䠀漀眀 搀漀攀猀 琀栀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀栀椀昀琀 爀攀氀愀琀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀椀搀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 攀焀甀愀琀椀漀渀 漀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀 眀椀琀栀 愀氀琀攀爀攀搀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀㼀 Write a rule which would allow you to predict how other equilibrium systems would shift when disturbed in this way. 圀爀椀琀攀 愀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 爀甀氀攀 琀栀愀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 挀漀瘀攀爀 愀氀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀礀瀀攀猀 漀昀 搀椀猀琀甀爀戀愀渀挀攀猀 礀漀甀 栀愀瘀攀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀攀搀⸀ 圀爀椀琀攀 礀漀甀爀 爀甀氀攀 猀漀 椀琀 挀愀渀 戀攀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 瀀爀攀搀椀挀琀 琀栀攀 攀昀昀攀挀琀 漀昀 愀渀礀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 漀爀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 搀椀猀琀甀爀戀愀渀挀攀 漀渀 愀渀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀 猀礀猀琀攀洀
䴀愀渀昀爀攀搀 䔀椀最攀渀 眀愀猀 戀漀爀渀 椀渀 䈀漀挀栀甀洀 漀渀 㤀 䴀愀礀 㤀㈀㜀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 猀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀栀愀洀戀攀爀 洀甀猀椀挀椀愀渀 䔀爀渀猀琀 䔀椀最攀渀 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 眀椀昀攀 䠀攀搀眀椀最Ⰰ 渀攀 䘀攀氀搀⸀ 䠀攀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 栀椀猀 猀挀栀漀漀氀椀渀最 愀琀 琀栀攀 䈀漀挀栀甀洀 栀甀洀愀渀椀猀琀椀挀 䜀礀洀渀愀猀椀甀洀⸀
䤀渀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀甀洀渀 漀昀 㤀㐀㔀 栀攀 挀漀洀洀攀渀挀攀搀 琀栀攀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀猀 愀渀搀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 挀漀甀爀猀攀 愀琀 琀栀攀 䜀攀漀爀最ⴀ䄀甀最甀猀琀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 椀渀 䜀琀琀椀渀最攀渀 愀渀搀 漀戀琀愀椀渀攀搀 栀椀猀 搀漀挀琀漀爀愀琀攀 椀渀 渀愀琀甀爀愀氀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀 椀渀 㤀㔀⸀ 䠀攀 眀爀漀琀攀 栀椀猀 搀椀猀猀攀爀琀愀琀椀漀渀 漀渀 琀栀攀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀 栀攀愀琀 漀昀 栀攀愀瘀礀 眀愀琀攀爀 愀渀搀 愀焀甀攀漀甀猀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀氀礀琀攀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀猀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 最甀椀搀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 䄀爀渀漀氀搀 䔀甀挀欀攀渀⸀ 䄀昀琀攀爀 琀眀漀 礀攀愀爀猀 愀猀 愀渀 愀猀猀椀猀琀愀渀琀 氀攀挀琀甀爀攀爀 愀琀 琀栀攀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 搀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 甀渀搀攀爀 䔀眀愀氀搀 圀椀挀欀攀Ⰰ 栀攀 琀爀愀渀猀昀攀爀爀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䴀愀砀ⴀ倀氀愀渀挀欀 䤀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀 昀ﰀ爀 瀀栀礀猀椀欀愀氀椀猀挀栀攀 䌀栀攀洀椀攀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 栀愀搀 洀漀瘀攀搀 琀漀 䜀琀琀椀渀最攀渀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 䐀椀爀攀挀琀漀爀猀栀椀瀀 漀昀 䬀愀爀氀 䘀爀椀攀搀爀椀挀栀 䈀漀渀栀漀攀昀昀攀爀⸀ 吀栀攀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 䈀漀渀栀漀攀昀昀攀爀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀搀 栀椀洀 眀椀琀栀 洀愀最渀椀昀椀挀攀渀琀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀 愀琀 琀栀攀 䤀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀Ⰰ 椀猀 爀攀昀氀攀挀琀攀搀 椀渀 栀椀猀 氀愀琀攀爀 眀漀爀欀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀椀攀氀搀 漀昀 戀椀漀瀀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀⸀
䔀椀最攀渀 戀攀最愀渀 栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 漀渀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀 漀昀 昀愀猀琀 椀漀渀椀挀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 椀渀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 㤀㔀ⴀ㤀㔀㌀Ⰰ 攀渀挀漀甀爀愀最攀搀 琀漀 搀漀 猀漀 戀礀 琀栀攀 甀氀琀爀愀猀漀甀渀搀 愀戀猀漀爀瀀琀椀漀渀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀洀攀渀琀猀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 漀甀琀 戀礀 栀椀猀 挀漀氀氀攀愀最甀攀猀 䬀漀渀爀愀搀 吀愀洀洀 愀渀搀 圀愀氀琀攀爀 䬀甀爀琀稀攀⸀ 䐀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 礀攀愀爀猀 栀攀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 愀 猀攀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 洀攀愀猀甀爀椀渀最 琀攀挀栀渀椀焀甀攀猀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀椀渀最 琀椀洀攀猀 搀漀眀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 漀爀搀攀爀 漀昀 愀 渀愀渀漀猀攀挀漀渀搀⸀ 䠀攀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 洀愀渀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 琀攀挀栀渀椀焀甀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 䰀攀漀 搀攀 䴀愀攀礀攀爀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 樀漀椀渀攀搀 栀椀洀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀甀洀渀 漀昀 㤀㔀㐀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀椀琀栀 眀栀漀洀 栀攀 椀猀 猀琀椀氀氀 挀漀氀氀愀戀漀爀愀琀椀渀最 挀氀漀猀攀氀礀 愀琀 琀栀攀 䜀琀琀椀渀最攀渀 䴀愀砀倀氀愀渀挀欀ⴀ䤀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 䴀愀砀ⴀ倀氀愀渀挀欀ⴀ䜀攀猀攀氀氀猀挀栀愀昀琀 愀瀀瀀漀椀渀琀攀搀 䔀椀最攀渀 愀 匀挀椀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀 䴀攀洀戀攀爀 椀渀 㤀㔀㜀 愀渀搀 栀攀愀搀 椀渀 㤀㘀㐀⸀ 䤀渀 㤀㘀㜀 栀攀 眀愀猀 攀氀攀挀琀攀搀 䴀愀渀愀最椀渀最 䐀椀爀攀挀琀漀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䤀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀攀 昀漀爀 愀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 漀昀 琀栀爀攀攀 礀攀愀爀猀⸀ 䄀琀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 琀椀洀攀 栀攀 眀愀猀 愀瀀瀀漀椀渀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 匀挀椀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 䘀攀搀攀爀愀氀 刀攀瀀甀戀氀椀挀⸀
䔀椀最攀渀✀猀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 椀猀 爀攀昀氀攀挀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀氀漀猀攀 漀渀 瀀愀瀀攀爀猀 栀攀 栀愀猀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀 洀愀琀琀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 眀漀爀欀猀 爀愀渀最攀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 琀栀攀爀洀漀搀礀渀愀洀椀挀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 眀愀琀攀爀 愀渀搀 愀焀甀攀漀甀猀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 漀昀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀氀礀琀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀爀洀愀氀 挀漀渀搀甀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 愀渀搀 猀漀甀渀搀 愀戀猀漀爀瀀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 琀漀 昀愀猀琀 椀漀渀椀挀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀⸀
䤀渀 琀栀攀 礀攀愀爀猀 㤀㔀㌀ⴀ㤀㘀㌀ 昀漀氀氀漀眀攀搀 琀栀攀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 猀攀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 渀漀瘀攀氀 洀攀愀猀甀爀椀渀最 琀攀挀栀渀椀焀甀攀猀 甀猀攀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 猀琀甀搀礀 漀昀 瘀攀爀礀 昀愀猀琀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀愀渀最攀 昀爀漀洀 漀渀攀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 琀漀 漀渀攀 渀愀渀漀猀攀挀漀渀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 最愀瀀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀最椀漀渀 漀昀 挀氀愀猀猀椀挀愀氀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀猀 愀渀搀 猀瀀攀挀琀爀漀猀挀漀瀀礀 眀愀猀 琀栀甀猀 挀氀漀猀攀搀⸀ 䔀椀最攀渀 眀愀猀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀氀礀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 瀀爀漀琀漀渀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 䐀攀 䴀愀攀礀攀爀 栀攀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀漀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀 琀栀攀 渀攀甀琀爀愀氀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀 爀愀琀攀 愀渀搀 昀漀甀渀搀 琀栀攀 愀渀漀洀愀氀漀甀猀 挀漀渀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 挀栀愀爀愀挀琀攀爀椀猀琀椀挀猀 漀昀 瀀爀漀琀漀渀猀 椀渀 椀挀攀 挀爀礀猀琀愀氀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 漀昀 爀攀氀愀砀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 洀甀氀琀椀 猀琀愀最攀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀 眀愀猀 昀漀氀氀漀眀攀搀 戀礀 猀琀甀搀椀攀猀 漀渀 洀攀琀愀氀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀砀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 昀愀猀琀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 愀 氀愀爀最攀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 洀攀琀愀氀 椀漀渀猀 眀攀爀攀 椀渀瘀攀猀琀椀最愀琀攀搀 椀渀 爀攀氀愀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀椀爀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀椀挀 琀愀戀氀攀⸀ 䄀爀漀甀渀搀 㤀㘀 琀栀攀 攀洀瀀栀愀猀椀猀 椀渀 栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 猀栀椀昀琀攀搀 琀漀眀愀爀搀猀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀ⴀ漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 猀琀攀瀀猀 漀昀 愀 猀攀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀猀洀猀 眀攀爀攀 攀氀甀挀椀搀愀琀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 漀昀 愀挀椀搀ⴀ戀愀猀攀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀椀猀 眀愀猀 瘀攀爀椀昀椀攀搀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀愀氀氀礀⸀
䄀琀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 琀椀洀攀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 栀椀猀 愀琀琀攀渀琀椀漀渀 琀甀爀渀攀搀 愀氀猀漀 琀漀 戀椀漀挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 渀漀眀 挀氀愀椀洀攀搀 栀椀猀 挀栀椀攀昀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀 爀愀渀最攀搀 昀爀漀洀 栀礀搀爀漀最攀渀 戀爀椀搀最攀猀 漀昀 渀甀挀氀攀椀挀 愀挀椀搀猀Ⰰ 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 搀礀渀愀洀椀挀猀 漀昀 挀漀搀攀 琀爀愀渀猀昀攀爀Ⰰ 琀漀 攀渀稀礀洀攀猀 愀渀搀 氀椀瀀椀搀 洀攀洀戀爀愀渀攀猀⸀ 䈀椀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀 愀渀搀 爀攀最甀氀愀琀椀漀渀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀琀漀爀愀最攀 漀昀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀攀渀琀爀愀氀 渀攀爀瘀漀甀猀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 愀氀猀漀 漀挀挀甀瀀礀 栀椀猀 愀琀琀攀渀琀椀漀渀⸀ 倀爀愀挀琀椀挀愀氀氀礀 攀瘀攀爀礀 礀攀愀爀 栀攀 琀爀愀瘀攀氀猀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀 昀爀椀攀渀搀 愀渀搀 挀漀氀氀攀愀最甀攀 䰀攀漀 搀攀 䴀愀攀礀攀爀 琀漀 䈀漀猀琀漀渀 琀漀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀 琀漀瀀椀挀猀 漀昀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 眀椀琀栀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 渀攀甀爀漀氀漀最椀猀琀猀Ⰰ 戀椀漀挀栀攀洀椀猀琀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 戀椀漀瀀栀礀猀椀挀椀猀琀猀⸀
䔀椀最攀渀 栀漀氀搀猀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 栀漀渀漀甀爀猀 愀渀搀 搀椀猀琀椀渀挀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 䈀漀搀攀渀猀琀攀椀渀 瀀爀椀稀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䐀攀甀琀猀挀栀攀 䈀甀渀猀攀渀最攀猀攀氀氀猀挀栀愀昀琀Ⰰ 㤀㔀㘀㬀 伀琀琀漀ⴀ䠀愀栀渀 倀爀椀稀攀 昀漀爀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 愀渀搀 倀栀礀猀椀挀猀Ⰰ 㤀㘀㈀㬀 䬀椀爀欀眀漀漀搀 䴀攀搀愀氀 ⠀䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀⤀Ⰰ 㤀㘀㌀㬀 䠀愀爀爀椀猀漀渀 䠀漀眀攀 䄀眀愀爀搀 ⠀䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀⤀Ⰰ 㤀㘀㔀㬀 䄀渀搀爀攀眀 䐀⸀ 圀栀椀琀攀 倀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 愀琀 氀愀爀最攀 愀琀 䌀漀爀渀攀氀氀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀Ⰰ 䤀琀栀愀挀愀Ⰰ 一⸀夀⸀Ⰰ 㤀㘀㔀㬀 䠀漀渀漀爀愀爀礀 倀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 愀琀 琀栀攀 吀攀挀栀渀椀猀挀栀攀 䠀漀挀栀猀挀栀甀氀攀Ⰰ 䈀爀愀甀渀猀挀栀眀攀椀最Ⰰ 㤀㘀㔀㬀 䘀漀爀攀椀最渀 䠀漀渀漀爀愀爀礀 䴀攀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 䄀挀愀搀攀洀礀 漀昀 䄀爀琀猀 愀渀搀 匀挀椀攀渀挀攀猀Ⰰ 㤀㘀㐀㬀 䴀攀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ∀䰀攀漀瀀漀氀搀椀渀愀∀Ⰰ 䐀攀甀琀猀挀栀攀 䄀欀愀搀攀洀椀攀 搀攀爀 一愀琀甀爀昀漀爀猀挀栀攀爀 椀渀 䠀愀氀氀攀Ⰰ 㤀㘀㐀㬀 䴀攀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䜀琀琀椀渀最攀渀 䄀欀愀搀攀洀椀攀 搀攀爀 圀椀猀猀攀渀猀挀栀愀昀琀攀渀Ⰰ 㤀㘀㔀㬀 䠀漀渀漀爀愀爀礀 䴀攀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 䄀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䈀椀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀猀Ⰰ 㤀㘀㘀㬀 䠀漀渀漀爀愀爀礀 搀攀最爀攀攀 漀昀 搀漀挀琀漀爀 漀昀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀 愀琀 䠀愀爀瘀愀爀搀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀Ⰰ 唀⸀匀⸀䄀⸀Ⰰ 㤀㘀㘀㬀 䠀漀渀漀爀愀爀礀 搀攀最爀攀攀 漀昀 搀漀挀琀漀爀 漀昀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀 愀琀 圀愀猀栀椀渀最琀漀渀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀Ⰰ 唀⸀匀⸀䄀⸀Ⰰ 㤀㘀㘀㬀 䘀漀爀攀椀最渀 䄀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 一愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 䄀挀愀搀攀洀礀 漀昀 匀挀椀攀渀挀攀猀Ⰰ 圀愀猀栀椀渀最琀漀渀Ⰰ 唀⸀匀⸀䄀⸀ 㤀㘀㘀㬀 䠀漀渀漀爀愀爀礀 搀攀最爀攀攀 漀昀 搀漀挀琀漀爀 漀昀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䌀栀椀挀愀最漀Ⰰ 唀⸀匀⸀䄀⸀Ⰰ 㤀㘀㘀㬀 䌀愀爀甀猀 䴀攀搀愀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䐀攀甀琀猀挀栀攀 䄀欀愀搀攀洀椀攀 搀攀爀 一愀琀甀爀昀漀爀猀挀栀攀爀 ∀䰀攀漀瀀漀氀搀椀渀愀∀Ⰰ 䠀愀氀氀攀Ⰰ 㤀㘀㜀㬀 䰀椀渀甀猀 倀愀甀氀椀渀最 䴀攀搀愀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀Ⰰ 㤀㘀㜀⸀
䴀愀渀昀爀攀搀 䔀椀最攀渀 椀猀 洀愀爀爀椀攀搀 琀漀 䔀氀昀爀椀攀搀攀Ⰰ 渀攀 䴀ﰀ氀氀攀爀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 栀愀瘀攀 琀眀漀 挀栀椀氀搀爀攀渀Ⰰ 䜀攀爀愀氀搀 ⠀戀漀爀渀 㤀㔀㈀⤀ 愀渀搀 䄀渀最攀氀愀 ⠀戀漀爀渀 㤀㘀 ⤀⸀ 䤀渀 栀椀猀 昀爀攀攀 琀椀洀攀 栀攀 椀猀 愀 欀攀攀渀 愀洀愀琀攀甀爀 洀甀猀椀挀椀愀渀⸀ 䠀椀猀 昀愀瘀漀爀椀琀攀 栀漀氀椀搀愀礀 瀀愀猀琀椀洀攀 椀猀 洀漀甀渀琀愀椀渀攀攀爀椀渀最⸀
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